Although there were slight changes in FA in the Buffer- and 10Q-treated animals over time, none of the contrasts reached statistical significance (not pictured). Blue voxels indicate regions of significant FA decrease in Group 85Q, and red voxels indicate regions of significant FA increase. ( A) ONPRC18 FA template with overlaying p-value maps shown at a range of p < 0.01 to p < 0.0001.

*p < 0.05, 85Q versus Buffer, op < 0.05, 85Q versus 10Q, ^p < 0.05, Buffer versus 10Q by three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). All NRS data are expressed as mean ± SEM (85Q – n = 6, 10Q – n = 6, Buffer – n = 5). symbol indicates significant paired comparisons at each timepoint, showing that 85Q-treated animals displayed NRS scores that were modulated by apomorphine at 3, 6, 9, and 20 months post-surgery.( H) Neurological rating scale (NRS) scores (difference from baseline) pre- and post-apomorphine administration plotted for each group, with pre-apomorphine NRS scores depicted by solid lines and post-apomorphine NRS scores depicted by dashed lines. The key shows significant group differences at each timepoint, indicating that motor phenotypes first emerge around 2–3 months post-surgery. ( G) Mean changes in motor phenotypes plotted for each group. The key details significant group differences at each timepoint and shows that fine motor skill learning impairment emerges in 85Q animals as early as 3 months post-85Q administration. All Lifesaver Retrieval data are expressed as mean ± SEM (85Q – n = 6, 10Q – n = 6, Buffer – n = 5). ( F) Performance expanded across timepoints, plotted as the change in Retrieval Latency (seconds) from baseline. ( E) Performance collapsed across timepoint, plotted as the change in Retrieval Latency (seconds) from baseline. ( D) Example of an animal performing the Lifesaver Retrieval Task. The key details significant group differences at each timepoint (*, ^, and ° symbols), demonstrating that working memory changes emerge in this model beginning at 3–6 months post-85Q administration. All SDR data are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) (85Q – n = 6, 10Q – n = 5, Buffer – n = 4). ( C) Change in SDR performance (% correct), expanded across timepoints. ( B) Change in SDR performance (% correct) on the SDR task, collapsed across timepoints. ( A) Example of an animal performing the 3-Choice Spatial Delayed Response (SDR) task.

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